(14), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is the second most common infectious anaerobic gram-negative bacteria. Initially isolated from fecal matter, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron has great importance in terms of the study of the symbiotic bacteria-host relationships within the human intestine as well as for its digestive abilities and potential breakdown of digested plants. 7.) 24. against the pathogenic mechanisms of CD remains to be elucidated. J Bacteriol. J Bacteriol. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=226186&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock, 3.) Journal of Bacteriology, December 2001, p. 7198-7205, Vol. Journal of Bacteriology, June 2000, p. 3559-3571, Vol. 12. The outer membrane-associated multi-protein complex involved in this digestion process separates substrate binding and hydrolysis using different proteins for each task. J Biol Chem. (4), "First Isolation of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron from a Patient with a Cholesteatoma and Experiencing Meningitis" (5). Epub 2015 May 4. Xu, J., Bjursell, M.K., Himrod, J., Deng, S., Carmichael, L., Chiang, H.C., Hooper, L.V., and Gordon, J.I. An example of such an event relating to the Bacteroides genus is Bacteroides meningitis, which has been identified in patients with digestive bacterial proliferation making its way to the subarachnoidal space as well as in patients following the spread of ear infections. Spread to bloodstream (bacteremia) is more common for B. fragilis than any other anaerobe(4). USA.gov. Hryckowian et al. The co-localization of these genes involved in polysaccharide metabolism along with ECF-type sigma factors (important in sensing envoronmental cues) allow B. thetaiotaomicron to coordinate nutrient availability with expression of these specific genes. Second, a blood culture positive for the B. fragilis group (including B. thetaiotaomicron) almost always, represents true infection . Microbial analysis of cerebrospinal fluid yielded in pure culture a gram-negative bacillus. Appl Environ Microbiol. They identify related bacteriophages in existing metagenomes and genes associated with infectivity. J Clin Microbiol. PNAS, June 6, 2006, vol. Curtis et al. strains of Bacteroides (B. ovatus and B. thetaiotaomicron) isolated from bloodstream infection showed resistance to metronidazole; this resistance has not been observed for all species of Bacteroides [16]. After weaning, plant based polysaccharides are metabolized by B. thetaiotaomicron. It has been found to stimulate angiogenesis (growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels) within the gut, due to a microbial signal via bacterial sensing Paneth cells. Teng, L.-J., P.-R. Hsueh, Y.-H. Huang, and J.-C. Tsai. This binding and cleavage of the large substrate occurs either before or during translocation into the periplasm. NLM Deep pain and tenderness below the diaphragm are typical of B. fragilis infection. Most of the time, B. thetaiotaomicronis part of the normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, vagina, and respiratory tract. Of all species, B. fragilis causes most human Bacteroides infections. 2004. Prevention and treatment information (HHS). B. thetaiotaomicron was also shown to stimulate the development of gut … The broad range of CTnDOT hosts as well as presence of CTn leads to the theory that microevolution could occur by means of DNA transfer between B. thetaiotaomicron and other forms of bacteria residing in the human gut. Feuillet L, Carvajal J, Sudre I, Pelletier J, Thomassin JM, Drancourt M, Cherif AA. 42, No. Journal of Bacteriology, June 2000, p. 3559-3571, Vol. B. thetaiotaomicron is able to use amylose, amylopectin, and pullulan (all three forms of starch) in addition to maltooligosaccharides. Epub 2006 Sep 12. (13) These studies have led to some valuable information about Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron specifically as well. Shipman, Joseph A., Berleman, J.E.,Salyers, A.A. "Characterization of Four Outer Membrane Proteins Involved in Binding Starch to the Cell Surface of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron." "A genomic view of the human-Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron symbiosis." JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June 1982, p. 1008-1015. It has been found to be 'more reliable than phenotypic methods in accurate species-level identification.' In combination with other facultative/strict anaerobes, they are responsible for the majority of localized abscesses within the cranium, thorax, peritoneum, liver, and female genital tract (4, 8). 103, no. Feuillet L, Carvajal J, Sudre I, Pelletier J, Thomassin JM, Drancourt M, Cherif AA. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron consists of a 6.26 Mb genome containing 4776 protein coding genes. A 45-year-old man with a cholesteatoma experienced purulent meningitis. (8), Another interesting feature of B. thetaiotaomicron is that a large portion of its genome is involved in the harvesting and metabolizing of dietary polysaccharides. This new method provides a much quicker and more accurate method than previous ones, as culturing of fecal indicator bacteria is not a necessity nor is the requirement of a host library which can be faulty and/or time consuming. Bacteroides fragilis is a Gram negative pleomorphic rod shaped bacteria. 100, no. It consists of a 4776 member proteome containing the structural means to bring in and hydrolyze non-digestible polysaccharides as well as an environment sensing mechanism consisting of outer membrane proteins. HHS Wang Jun, Shoemaker N.B., Wang G.R., Salyers A.A., "Characterization of a Bacteroides Mobilizable Transposon, NBU2, Which Carries a Functional Lincomycin Resistance Gene." It's resistance to antimicrobial agents is a cause for major concern, and thus methods to identify B. thetaiotaomicron in clinical speci… Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, obligate anaerobic bacteria. 9.) However, the direct action of Bacteroides spp. PNAS, September 2, 2003, vol. demonstrate that the commensal Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (Bt) enhances virulence gene expression of enterohemorrhagic E. coli and exacerbates Citrobacter rodentium infection. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 2015 Jul;59(7):4157-61. doi: 10.1128/AAC.00677-15. Bacteroides fragilis is a normal inhabitant of human colon but if it is displaced and spread to other surrounding tissues or blood stream it can cause disease. Infect Chemother. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a Gram-negative anaerobic microbe, resides in and dominates the human intestinal tract . (13), The environment sensing regulatory apparatus present in B. thetaiotaomicron allows for adaptive food seeking, which stabilizes food webs, and subsequently leads to the longevity of communities. The man had hearing loss for many years prior, and was admitted to the hospital following profuse ear discharge.  |  The microorganism isolated from the vaginal cuff abscess was beta-lactamase producer and the antibiotic susceptibility pattern showed its resistance to piperacillin-tazobactam and cefoxitin, while the susceptibility to amoxicillin associated with clavulanic acid, metronidazole, and the newer fluoroquinolone moxifloxacin was confirmed. J Clin Microbiol. J Biol Chem. [1] This 33 kb plasmid is one of several types of mobile genetic elements, including 63 transposases and four homologs of the conjugative transposon CTnDOT. "Honor thy symbionts." Most of these genes encode proteins involved in the binding and hydrolysis of starch, and are separated into two transcriptional segments (susA and susB to susG respectively). 100, no. This page was last edited on 6 June 2011, at 01:03. The genome exists as one circular chromosome made of double stranded DNA. The bacterium was harvested from these hosts at the suckling period and weaning period respectively. 11.) Although we considered specimen contamination, this was unlikely for the following reasons. 2008 Jul;62(1):137-41. doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn134. 8.) 183, No. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. PNAS, September 2, 2003, vol. It is considered an opportunistic pathogen, frequently associated with peritonitis, septicemia, and wound infections. Epub 2006 Sep 12. 12.) The case involved a 45 year old man experiencing purulent meningitis and through microbial analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid was determined to be caused by B. thetaiotaomicron. This article describes infections caused by the Bacteroides fragilis group and other anaerobic gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) that were previously included in the Bacteroides genus but are now included in the Prevotella and Porphyromonas genera. Moxifloxacin resistance is prevalent among Bacteroides and Prevotella species in Greece. Carson CA, Christiansen JM, Yampara-Iquise H, Benson VW, Baffaut C, Davis JV, Broz RR, Kurtz WB, Rogers WM, Fales WH. Bacillus fragilis infection; Bacteroides infection; Infection by bacteroides fragilis; Infection due to bacteroides; ICD-10-CM B96.6 is grouped within Diagnostic Related Group(s) (MS-DRG v 38.0):. BACTEROIDES INFECTION Bacteroides spp are anaerobic, gram-negative bacilli or coccobacilli that, like other anaerobes, are generally opportunistic and can cause a variety of infections throughout the body. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron has been used in several studies as a means to illustrate the human-symbiotic relationship, providing insight into how microorganisms interact with the human gut, etc., and thus has been a valuable scientific tool illustrating the coexistence between humans and microbes. Cho, Hong Kyu, Cho, D., Wang G.R., Salyers A.A. "New Regulatory Gene That Contributes to Control of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Starch Utilization Genes." 23, 8834-8839, https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Bacteroides_thetaiotaomicron&oldid=64891. Additionally, it is very important during the postnatal transition between mother's milk and a diet heavily consisting of plant starches. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: a bacterial species found in the intestinal tract; second only in its genus to Bacteroides fragilis as a cause of human subdiaphragmatic infections. Journal of Bacteriology, December 1999, p. 7206-7211, Vol. Bacteroides spp are non-spore forming gram-negative bacilli that are part of the human resident flora. (14) Plant molecular biologists could hypothetically genetically engineer crops with nutritional improvements based upon nutrient processing capabilities of the human gut microbes, such as Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. It is considered an opportunistic pathogen, frequently associated with peritonitis, septicemia, and wound infections. 23. Phenotypic methods were suggestive of a Bacteroides distasonis or either a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron or Bacteroides ovatus infection. (12), Anaerobes in general can cause infection whenever they invade a sterile fluid or tissue environment, such as cerebrospinal fluid. [Bacteroides infection in surgery (review of the literature)]. Typically associated with healthy individuals, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a gut microbe that devotes ∼18% of its genes to the acquisition and utilization of a wide variety of carbohydrates (8). (5), 1.) B. thetaiotaomicron is capable of causing very serious infections, such as intra-abdominal sepsis and bacteremia. The GC content of the plasmid is 47.2% and 83% of the genome is involved in coding for proteins. PNAS, June 6, 2006, vol. "Identification of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on the basis of an unexpected specific amplicon of universal 16S ribosomal DNA PCR." The isolate was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis as B. thetaiotaomicron . Bacteria; Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group; Bacteroidetes; Bacteroides (class); Bacteroidales; Bacteroidaceae; Bacteroides 10.) Astrozhnikov IuV, Bogomolova NS, Eremina GV, Treskina OS, Gureeva KhF. Shipman, Joseph A., Cho, Hong Kyu, Siegel, H.A., and Salyers, A.A, "Physiological Characterization of SusG, an Outer Membrane Protein Essential for Starch Utilization by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron." A key step in the metabolism of the polysaccharides entails their binding to the cell surface before undergoing hydrolysis. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron has been found to produce very high levels of a digestive enzyme seen to be effective in the breakdown and subsequent digestion of plants, and thus has been a target for improvement of animal digestion. 13.) NIH "Identification of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron on the basis of an unexpected specific amplicon of universal 16S ribosomal DNA PCR." (13) This ability to adaptively 'forage' is an area of biotechnical interest. "A hybrid two-component system protein of a prominent human gut symbiont couples glycan sensing in vivo to carbohydrate metabolism." 5.) Journal of Clinical Microbiology, April 2004, p. 1727-1730, Vol. 182, No. Intra-abdominal infections are biphasic, synergistic processes with early peritonitis and bacteremia due to aerobes and a later abscess component due to anaerobes. Bt modifies the metabolite environment, increasing metabolites involved in gluconeogenesis, which are sensed … National Center for Biotechnology Information, Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Xu, J., Bjursell, M.K., Himrod, J., Deng, S., Carmichael, L., Chiang, H.C., Hooper, L.V., and Gordon, J.I. It is considered an opportunistic pathogen, frequently associated with peritonitis, septicemia, and wound infections. Epub 2014 Mar 21. Another postnatal developmental process within the gut mediated by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is the formation of the intestinal mucosal barrier, which helps protect the host against pathogenic invasion via the regulation of the expression of species-specific protein antibiotics. (3), "Specificity of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Marker for Human Feces" (4), The predominance of B. thetaiotaomicron in human feces makes it a worthy candidate as a marker of human fecal matter. INTRODUCTION. (7), The specific starch utilization system of B. thetaiotaomicron consists of a structure of seven sus (starch utilization genes) structural genes (susA to susG). "Utilization of Chondroitin Sulfate by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Growing in Carbohydrate-Limited Continuous Culture." In the suckling gut B. thetaiotaomicron feeds on polysaccharides derived from the host, as well as mono- and oligosaccharides, which are present in the mother's milk. Microbiologically, they are distinguished from other genera by growth in 20% bile. Infections in Adults Anaerobic infections are usually polymicrobial, and Bacteroides fragilis is found in most of these infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19% . B. thetaiotaomicron is capable of causing very serious infections, such as intra-abdominal sepsis and bacteremia. B. thetaiotaomicron is capable of causing very serious infections, such as intra-abdominal sepsis and bacteremia. Perit Dial Int. 12. PATHOLOGY Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is the second most common infectious anaerobic gram-negative bacteria. At present, the Bacteroides fragilis group consists of ten species: B. fragilis (the most frequent isolate), B. distasonis, B. thetaiotaomicron, B. vulgatus, B. ovatus, B. eggerrthii, B. merdae, B. stercoris, B. uniformis, and B. caccae. Bacteroides species are non endospore-forming bacilli, and may be either motile or nonmotile, depending on the species. Postoperative infections from bacteroides. Cho, Hong Kyu, Cho, D., Wang G.R., Salyers A.A. "New Regulatory Gene That Contributes to Control of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Starch Utilization Genes." "Functional genomic and metabolic studies of the adaptations of a prominent adult human gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, to the suckling period." "Utilization of Chondroitin Sulfate by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Growing in Carbohydrate-Limited Continuous Culture." Some enterotoxin-secreting strains have been associated with diarrhea in piglets, calves, lambs, foals, and humans. Among the clinical infections of class Bacteroidaceae B. fragilisis the most common recovered specie. Enterotoxigenic strains or cell-free culture filtrates cause secretion in ligated lamb or calf intestinal loops, and bacterial inocula cause diarr… This allows for the efficient sequestration of hydrolysis products. Most clinically significant in polymicrobial infections, abscesses. COVID-19 is an emerging, rapidly evolving situation. 18, 10452-10459. Sonnenburg, Erica D., Sonnenburg, J.L., Manchester, J.K., Hansen, E.E., Chiang, H.C., And Gordon, J.I. If a documented B. fragilis infection is left untreated, the mortality rate is reported to be about 60% ( 107 ). The Bacteroides genus provides the main agents of anaerobic meningitis, however fewer than 100 cases of Bacteroides meningitis have been reported in English literature, and they are primarily found among young children. "First isolation of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron from a patient with a cholesteatoma and experiencing meningitis." This is the first case of a pure culture sample of B. thetaiotaomicron meningitis. (1,8), Additionally, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron consists of one circular plasmid (p5482) which is 33,038 bp long, containing 38 genes coding for 38 proteins which function mainly in environmental sensing. BF only accounts for 2 % of the total gut Bacteroides, but it is the agent of >70 % of Bacteroides infections. "Functional genomic and metabolic studies of the adaptations of a prominent adult human gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, to the suckling period." This work demonstrates the utility of integrating culture-based and computational efforts to understand … Science (2003) 299:2074-2076. It's resistance to antimicrobial agents is a cause for major concern, and thus methods to identify B. thetaiotaomicron in clinical specimens is of utmost importance. 2006 Nov 24;281(47):36269-79. Salyers, Abigail A., O'brien M., and Kotarski, S.F. represent an important anaerobic bacterial genus associated with human infections (3). 2005 Aug;71(8):4945-9. "Honor thy symbionts." The ability of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron to sense its environment and adaptively seek food raises the question of what the specific mechanism is for this process, and through the answers to this question one could maneuver its inherent operations and potentially provide benefits to human hosts through means such as matching diet to nutrient processing capabilities of the microbe. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, April 2004, p. 1727-1730, Vol. 2005 Aug;71(8):4945-9. (9) Thus, the organism digests complex plant materials that human enzymes cannot, and it makes an important contribution to human caloric. Wang Jun, Shoemaker N.B., Wang G.R., Salyers A.A., "Characterization of a Bacteroides Mobilizable Transposon, NBU2, Which Carries a Functional Lincomycin Resistance Gene." 182, No. 4.) Host-microbiota interactions influence infection and disease. (10), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a major component of the adult intestine and has been used as a useful model for the study of human-bacterial symbiosis. "Specificity of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron marker for human feces." Etiology. 2000 October; 182(19): 5365–5372. 24. "First isolation of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron from a patient with a cholesteatoma and experiencing meningitis." "Specificity of a Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron marker for human feces." Shipman, Joseph A., Berleman, J.E.,Salyers, A.A. "Characterization of Four Outer Membrane Proteins Involved in Binding Starch to the Cell Surface of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron." We report a patient with clinically significant vaginal posthysterectomy infection due to Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Journal of Bacteriology, December 2001, p. 7198-7205, Vol. Mycotic abdominal aortic aneurysm caused by bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and acinetobacter lwoffii: the first case in Korea. Xu, Jian, and Gordon, J.I. thetaiotaomicron, EHEC NIPH-11060424 was co-cultured with two other gastrointestinal species, Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium perfringens, and expression of escU was determined using qPCR. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Journal of Bacteriology, December 1999, p. 7206-7211, Vol. 2004. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is the second most common infectious anaerobic gram-negative bacteria. B. fragilis ATCC 25285 and Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron ATCC 29741 were used as control strains. Bacteroides are normal components of intestinal, oral and vaginal flora. The expression of sus genes is regulated by the regulatory proteins SusR and MalR, which are both always expressed regardless of environmental cues. B. thetaiotaomicron benefits its host by providing sufficient absorptive ability for nutrients the microbe helps process. Unlike susceptibility testing of aerobic bacteria, which has been useful for selecting optimal antimicrobial therapy, susceptibility testing of anaerobic bacteria has not been generally used for clinical decision making because of a number of limitations, such as the slow growth of organisms, the polymicrobial nature of anaerobic infections, the complexity of the testing method, the lack of consensus regarding the optimal media to be used in testing, and the general concep… (11), The many self-transmissable and mobile genetic elements carried by B. thetaiotaomicron are seen as the likely culprits for the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. "A hybrid two-component system protein of a prominent human gut symbiont couples glycan sensing in vivo to carbohydrate metabolism." 183, No. Thus, Bacteroides plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the human gut. Shipman, Joseph A., Cho, Hong Kyu, Siegel, H.A., and Salyers, A.A, "Physiological Characterization of SusG, an Outer Membrane Protein Essential for Starch Utilization by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron." (8), Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is an obligate anaerobe, a major endosymbiont of the human gut. It is a gram-negative obligate anaerobe. The bacterium uses various polysaccharides as its source of carbon and energy. Peritoneal dialysis peritonitis caused by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Teng, L.-J., P.-R. Hsueh, Y.-H. Huang, and J.-C. Tsai. provide genotypic and phenotypic data for 27 bacteriophage isolates that infect the prevalent human gut bacterium, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Appl Environ Microbiol. Cases of meningitis are not simple to diagnose and the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis method is credited with allowing the identification of the clinical isolate. 4. 867 Other infectious and parasitic diseases diagnoses with mcc; 868 Other infectious and parasitic diseases diagnoses with cc; 869 Other … Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Scientific classification Kingdom: Bacteria Phylum: Bacteroidetes Class: Bacteroidia Order: Bacteroidales Family: Bacteroidaceae Genus: Bacteroides Species: Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Binomial name Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Castellani and Chalmers 1919 Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a species of bacterium of the genus Bacteroides. (13), "Functional Genomic and Metabolic Studies of the Adaptations of a Prominent Adult Human Gut Symbiont", The adaptations of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron during the suckling (postnatal day 17) and weaning periods (postnatal day 30) was explored as germ-free mice were inoculated with the bacterium present from their mothers. Bjursell MK, Martens EC, Gordon JI. Kim MG, Jeon JW, Ryu IH, Lee JJ, Kim JS, Choi JW, Cho BS, Yoon HJ.  |  23. Epub 2008 Apr 1. 6.) This enterotoxin is a protease, and probably damages the zonula adherens at the tight junction between enterocytes. BF can be found in almost every type of infection including bacteremia, serious gynecological infections, peritonitis, soft tissue infections, and brain abscess. Maltose as well as higher oligomers of starch are important in regulating structural gene expression, as the sus structural genes are only expressed in their presence. JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY, June 1982, p. 1008-1015. 2000 October; 182(19): 5365–5372. 2014 Mar;46(1):54-8. doi: 10.3947/ic.2014.46.1.54. 2013 Nov-Dec;33(6):711-2. doi: 10.3747/pdi.2012.00229. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,a gram-negative anaerobic bacillus, belongs to the genus Bacteroides,one of the most common of the human commensal anaerobes. B. fragilis prevents CD infection by facilitating the restoration of gut barrier function and microbiota composition [29]. 4. Sadarangani SP, Cunningham SA, Jeraldo PR, Wilson JW, Khare R, Patel R. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. PATHOGENICITY/TOXICITY: Bacteroides spp. http://www.ebi.ac.uk/integr8/OrganismStatsAction.do?orgProteomeId=127, 2.) Disruption of the mucosal surface either by inflammation, trauma, or surgery and spread of Bacteroides fragilis to the bloodstream or surrounding tissues results in clinically significant infection. Infections due to these micro-organisms often originate from patient's own intestinal microbiota. Vestn Khir Im I I Grek. Sonnenburg, Erica D., Sonnenburg, J.L., Manchester, J.K., Hansen, E.E., Chiang, H.C., And Gordon, J.I. 1983 Mar;130(3):120-2. Modification of its activities would be a a good means to increase animal digestion of certain feed materials. A case report of infection with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron during lumbar decompression and dynamic stabilization as well as a review of the literature regarding infection risk … 181, No. These two regulons make up for all of the genes needed to grow on starch and maltotriose. The DNA base composition is 40–48% GC.Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids.They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their … It is one of the most common bacteria found in human … 2006 Nov 24;281(47):36269-79. Antibiotic resistance genes have been found on conjugative transposons ('integrated DNA elements that excise themselves to form a covalently closed circular intermediate') (12), as well as on conjugative and mobilizable plasmids (circular, self-replicating DNA molecule). Interestingly, escU was significantly up-regulated in co-culture with B . (5). 181, No. Virtually all members of genus sensitive to metronidazole, carbapenems, beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor combinations, so speciation not usually important. Cell associated enzymes are responsible for hydrolyzing the polysaccharides into small fragments which are easily digestible. 42, No. Science (2003) 299:2074-2076. Xu, Jian, and Gordon, J.I. 2005 Mar;43(3):1467-9. Expression of gene clusters which code for environmental sensors, glycoside hydrolases and outer membrane proteins necessary for binding and import of starches all comes as a B. thetaiotaomicron's postnatal response.  |  It is a catalase and indole positive bacteria. Bacteroides fragilis is the most common opportunistic pathogen of Bacteroides spp.(1,4).